The issue of who benefits from innovation is a complex one. The answer is notalways the innovator. It may be other firms that are needed to get an innovationto market (complementary assets), or even those who produce imitations andadapted versions of the original innovation.For the innovator the...

Extending Teece's landmark 1986 article, we consider how innovators benefit from value appropriation and creation. We elaborate on value appropriation, first by pointing out the importance of "industry architectures", i.e. sector-wide templates that circumscribe the division of labor; and...