We study how uncompensated research and development (R&D) spillovers - the leakage of proprietary information through imitation or theft - affect firms’ investment decisions. Using variation in property rights protections across different regions within China we find that 1) uncompensated...

Users can develop innovations which will benefit other people and contribute to firm’s innovation capability. However, user innovation often fails to diffuse. In this study, we take the perspective of vocational and retirement studies to analyze whether the older age (60+ years old) of the...

In user innovation theory, a user-founded firm is based on a product that was originally developed by a user for the user’s private need. In this study, we refer to the startup characteristic of user-founded firms as the firms’ user innovation origin. We developed hypotheses to shed some...