This paper explores the issue of apportionment through the determination of the appropriate royalty base in the adjudication of patent damages, or more precisely, FRAND royalties for standard essential patents (SEPs). Through the use of an intellectual value chain (IVC) framework, this paper...

How does a firm’s market power in existing products affect its incentives to innovate? We explore this fundamental question using granular project-level and firm-level data from the pharmaceutical industry, focusing on a particular mechanism through which incumbent firms maintain their market...

This article, published in 2001, considers the appropriate standards for monopolization cases in which the defendant has allegedly reduced innovation by refusing to deal with the plaintiffs. We note that claims of reduced innovation are problematic, particularly in dynamic markets, because...