Using patent citation data for the U.S., we test whether knowledge spillovers in biotechnology are sensitive to distance. Controlling for self-citation by inventor, assignee and examiner, cohort-based regression analysis shows that spillovers are local but that distance is becoming less...

Induced innovation theory suggests that a change in relative input prices will result in a substitution effect not only toward cheaper alternatives, but toward innovative activity that will lead to new alternatives. Here we test whether the same holds true for output prices: does innovation in...