This article aims to better frame the role of open data in the divergent operationalisations and interpretations of the smart city concept. We start by exploring top-down approaches to the smart city, followed by what purely bottom-up initiatives can look like. A clear overview of stakeholders'...

Various public and private stakeholders are creating, supporting and using environments for joint testing and experimenting of broadband innovations. This paper proposes a conceptual framework of test and experimentation platforms (TEPs), that differentiates six types of TEPs, based on a.o....