Firms increasingly adopt an open innovation model in which they rely on technology alliances to complement and supplement their internal innovation efforts. Although previous studies provide in-depth insight into the impact of technology alliances on the innovation performance, they remain...

One perspective suggests that firms heavily involved in innovation may face increased risks. It is essential to know the suitable proxies in measuring innovation related to risk taking. Many studies use research-and-development intensity (RDI) and research-and-development spending (RDS) as...