The view that European institutions do not operate with maximum efficiency, that they are not yet able to cope with all … emerged in recent years. In this paper we try to clarify the concept of institutional efficiency, and try to follow from a … chronological perspective the main events that led to the more or less efficient European institutions. …

, patronage benefits accrue to the legislature and public employees. When institutions fragment patronage powers and challengers … institutionally designed thus shapes their reform prospects: fragmented control over bad government can incentivize good government …