about the effect of the pandemic for longer-term outcomes such as corruption. We look at the historical data on political … and economic crises to assess what we can learn from the long-term effects of past crises on corruption. We hypothesize … that strong rule of law institutions may ameliorate the possible adverse effects of political and economic crises on …

This paper argues that corruption in Russia is systemic in nature. Low wage levels of public officials provide strong … incentives to engage in corruption. As corruption is illegal, corrupt officials can be exposed any time, which enforces loyalty … towards the powers that be; thus corruption is a method of governance. We trace the systemic corruption back to the Mongolian …

corruption and tax compliance. We explore this through a formal leniency program. In our experiment, we nest collusive corruption …, subjects collude and accept bribes less often while paying more taxes, but there is no increase in bribe offers. Our results …

corruption and tax compliance. We explore this through a formal leniency program. In our experiment, we nest collusive corruption …, subjects collude and accept bribes less often while paying more taxes, but there is no increase in bribe offers. Our results …

violation of the social contract between the state and its citizens, and as arising when the informal institutions comprising … society's formal institutions (state morality). Drawing upon evidence from 1,018 face-to-face interviews conducted in Bulgaria … during 2013, the finding is that the greater is the asymmetry between formal and informal institutions (i.e., citizens' civic …

, an alternative social actor approach has emerged viewing participation to result from a lack of vertical trust (i ….e., their norms, values and beliefs are not in symmetry with the laws and regulations) and horizontal trust (i.e., they believe … detection, but a strong significant association with both the level of vertical and horizontal trust. Those who perceive a …

development. Better clarity, scope, transparency and enforcement of the laws will promote confidence and trust in the formal legal … law - the role of informal legal institutions. The perception of legal systems perpetrated by the state - formal legal … systems - is negative in many developing countries. Corruption, high costs and lengthy time periods for issue resolution limit …

informal economy arises from the lack of alignment of a society's formal institutions (i.e. its codified laws and regulations …) with its informal institutions (i.e. the norms, values and beliefs of its population). To further advance this explanation … finding is that there is a strong association between the degree to which formal and informal institutions are unaligned and …

institutions as well as its combination of macro-level and firm-level dimensions. Theoretically, we use the index to propose two …