exists in the use of alternative political technologies; for instance bribes by the rich and protests by the poor are likely … to be countervailing forces, and will both occur in polities with weaker political institutions. …

This paper argues that where institutions are strong, actors are more likely to participate in the political process … through institutionalized arenas, while where they are weak, protests and other unconventional means of participation become … political institutions are associated with a higher propensity to use alternative means for expressing preferences, that is, to …

institutions, geography, and integration on per capita income. Concerning theoretical reasoning, emphasis is on the emergence of … institutions and their effect on economic growth. However, institutions can appear in different shapes since political, legal, and …, a differentiation between formal and informal institutions is made. Informal institutions are defined as beliefs …

institutions, geography and integration on per capita income. Concerning theoretical reasoning, emphasis is on the emergence of … institutions and their effect on economic growth. However, institutions can appear in different shapes since political, legal and …, a differentiation between formal and informal institutions is made. The regression results affirm a crucial role of …

discussion of institutions and states that constitutions are an example of a formal institution. As any other formal institution …, constitutions are also influenced by countries' informal institutions, including customs and belief systems. The novel content …