In allen mittel- und osteuropäischen Ländern (MOEL) bestand die erste Phase der Transformation in der Auflösung und Fragmentierung des sozialistischen Wissenschafts- und Technikssystems (WuT) durch top-down- und bottom-up-Prozesse. Diese Phase war verbunden mit der Reduzierung des Personals...

Knowledge and learning are seen as key success factors for international competitiveness and economic growth in contemporary societies and have been placed at the top of the policy agenda in many countries. But actual developments in former socialist countries of Europe and Asia have totally run...

In all Central and East European Countries (CEEC) the first phase of transformation comprised the dissolution and fragmentation of the socialist S&T system through top-down and bottom-up processes, and was linked to S&T personnel being cutback to approximately 20 to 50% of the former peak level....