, depending on whether it appears in the form of rises in income or in education: A higher income level reduces democracy, whereas … more education leads to both more democracy and more repression. These theoretical findings are corroborated by panel data …

democracy to survive, it must be self-enforcing in the sense that all parties with the power to disrupt democracy – such as an … to do so, instead honoring the rules. Our model shows that successful democratization and subsequent constitutional … the new constitution is in place. Sustaining democracy involves the reciprocal ability to impose costs on the other group …

a market economy requires sustained restrictions on democracy – the rule of law, strong property rights, and enforcement … – make constitutions more likely to survive. Democratic theorists who value unfettered democracy but who also value … also less stable. Further, countermajoritarian provisions are often necessary to the instantiation of democracy as …