In the international trade literature there seems to be some confusion between "openness" and "protection" measures … extent of the protection granted by policies rather than on the degree of openness of the economy. Given the huge size of …

protection based on the applied tariffs faced by each exporter. In order to do this, an index of trade policy restrictiveness is … computed, using the Mercantilistic Trade Restrictiveness Index as the tariff aggregator. We also analyze the protection granted … to each sector by the existing tariff structure. In this report, we compute effective rates of protection that overcome …

cost of the adjustment would fall on Indian farmers and crushers. In China, crush margins would improve because of the … dramatically. Net buyers of groundnut products in OECD (Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development) countries would be …

of the wedge depends positively on the per-unit cost of illness and the proportion of unsafe units embodied in the parent … – caused by a reduction in protection – is better than less trade. …

The impacts of reducing both agricultural and nonagricultural protection on the agricultural sector are assessed with …-country framework, we evaluate the importance of (1) the relative rates of protection between sectors and (2) exchange rate adjustments … countries experience gains in standard of living from lower world protection. …