Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to generate an observable relationship between five control mechanisms used by parent firms to direct international joint ventures (IJVs) with three distinct performance measurements. By observing relationships with different performance measures it...

While the impacts of culture on international trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) have been much discussed, the influence of languages has been underappreciated in international business. We address this paucity by integrating literature from international economics, international...