discussion of flexibility and credibility trade-offs and exit issues. …

reduction in Chinese imports from the U.S. during the height of the U.S.-China trade war in 2018 and 2019. We infer non … than 90\% of the welfare cost to Chinese consumers of the U.S.-China trade war. The welfare loss to China of a given …

multilateral cooperation when countries are linked by international trade flows and transboundary pollution. …

? Data from South Asia suggest that member states have minor trade linkages and face asymmetrical patterns of shocks. This …

plan to market and, then, in the run-up to and entry into the European Union, they rode a wave of global trade and …

The effect of exchange rate volatility on trade flows was examined by a 1984 IMF study on G-7 countries. Over the past … exchange hedging instruments, may have reduced the impact of volatility on trade flows. Using recent advances in the economic … theories on trade and in statistical methodologies, this paper revisits this important issue by taking into account these new …

presents several conventional techniques for assessing competitiveness, namely the real exchange rate and recent trade … many post-conflict situations. The real exchange measure and trade measures suggest some mild erosion of competitiveness in …