last two waves of EU enlargement have had on Russia, as well as the role of the euro in Russia. The analysis suggests that … euro by Russian residents and authorities in international transactions has increased, albeit at an uneven pace. While, in … general, the US dollar remains the major foreign currency used by Russian residents, the euro has gained importance as an …

monthly) are analysed using fractional integration and fractional cointegration methods. Further, recursive cointegration … exhibit long memory. There is cointegration between the ASEAN five and the US but almost none between the former and China …