The impact of international trade, or “openness”, on economic growth is difficult to quantify because of reverse causality. In this paper, I use recent advances in gravity equation estima- tion to generate a geography-based instrument for openness a la Frankel and Romer (1999). In contrast...

We study the global innovation and diffusion of ideas by introducing trade into the model in Eaton and Kortum (1999) (EK). This extension allows us to use international trade flows and country-level factor costs to estimate both the intensity of innovation within countries over time and...

This research attempts to evaluate the impact of Brexit on the Asian markets. This research divided into two large markets: The international trade markets (exports and imports) and international financial markets (investment and stock markets) respectively. The main objective of this research...

This paper analyzes detailed differences in patterns of financial development across the major Asian economies, including three of the region's largest economies (China, Japan and South Korea), to understand how these differences might affect possibilities for greater regional financial...