Economic sanctions are a frequent instrument of foreign policy. In a diplomatic conflict, they aim to elicit a change … in the policies of foreign governments by damaging their economy. However, sanctions are not costless for the sending …. We first gauge the impact of the sanctions’ regime using a structural gravity framework and quantify the trade losses in …

Union as a countermeasure to sanctions introduced by the EU and several other countries after Russia's actions in Ukraine … and the annexation of Crimea. This paper assesses the effect of Russia's counter-sanctions on the economies of the Baltic … problems in international trade data due to re-exports. The amount of trade affected by Russia's counter-sanctions varies …

interest in avoiding a premature termination of economic cooperation with Russia (or with other difficult partners like China). …

The era of energy interdependencies between Russia and the European Union (EU) is at an end. This paper advances a … relations with Russia. Previous energy security scholarship perceived interdependency as a measurable source of energy security …. Since the start of Russia's 2022 war with Ukraine, energy geopolitics has changed, making hard power relevant to Europe …