capital account, even though the opening of the latter happened de facto, not de jure. With respect to China being Africa … that capital flows from China to Africa in the form of mainly economic cooperation projects, but also FDI contribute to an … appreciation of the local currencies vis à vis the RMB, while no such effect appears for aid ows from China. The former two …

The Ottoman Empire had extensive economic relations with Africa which provides the structural frameworks for the speedy … acceleration of economic partnership and trade interactions between Africa and modern Turkey. This study seeks to examine the … structural relevance, challenges and prospects of Turkey's economic relations and interest in Africa from the traditional period …