We show that constraints on using leverage for foreign positions can act as an international investment barrier. Guided by an international CAPM with leverage constraints, we use observed stock prices to measure the variation in the magnitude and the implicit cost of such cross-border funding...

We find that the degree and dynamics of sovereign bond market integration across 21 developed and 18 emerging countries is significantly heterogeneous. We show that better spanning can significantly enhance market integration through dissipating local risk premiums. Integration of the sovereign...

Market integration and currency risk are two main factors that distinguish international investment and financing decisions. Hence, we investigate the impact of currency factor on the dynamics of market integration. We compare integration indices estimated from conditional international asset...