The aim of this paper is to evaluate the economic consequences on the countries that on one hand protect themselves from future financial crises by accumulating international reserves (IR) while on the other hand expose themselves to severe financial crisis due to their excessive internal and/or...

The COVID-19 crisis has exacerbated the many challenges that developing and emerging economies are confronted with. Especially in the face of the expected unwinding of emergency policy measures, such as the G20 debt service suspension initiative, and the tightening of monetary conditions to curb...