Over the past few decades, scholars in a variety of fields – economics, psychology, sociology, anthropology, and international relations, among others – have made enormous strides studying the behavioral roots of international law by exploring individual motivations, describing...

The paper looks at resolutions and operational activities of the UN as parts of processes of institutionalisation of nascent norms of CIL. It argues that institutionalisation clarifies the scope of the norm and of its application; and improves mechanisms of persuasion and compliance with the...

The Arctic is defined by change. Many understand this through the region's biannual shift between frozen deserts of snow and ice and warmer and highly productive ecosystems. Others know this through the great effect that climate change is having on the circumpolar north. But beyond physical...

The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, also known as CPTPP or TPP11, entered into force on 30 December 2018. The TPP11, a revival of the defunct Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) signed in 2016, kept one of its (claimed-to-be) biggest achievements of...

Former US President Donald Trump represents the most significant “change agent” in international law in recent decades, withdrawing from and attacking a variety of international agreements. In this paper, I analyze Trump as a change agent, analyzing the nature of his policies and the...

I model the ocean as an array of lines set within a two-dimensional frame, and show how the Exclusive Economic Zone emerged as an equilibrium in customary international law. I find that custom codifies the efficient Nash equilibrium of enclosure for nearshore fisheries. For highly migratory and...

I model the ocean as an array of lines set within a two-dimensional frame, and show how the Exclusive Economic Zone emerged as an equilibrium in customary international law. I find that custom codifies the efficient Nash equilibrium of enclosure for nearshore fisheries. For highly migratory and...

Rational choice approaches to customary international law have gained in prominence in recent years. Although becoming increasingly sophisticated, they are not able to explain all phenomena of customary international law. This contribution claims that there are two different types of unwritten...

Despite large uncertainties in the fertilization efficiency, natural iron fertilization studies and some of the purposeful iron enrichment studies have demonstrated that Southern Ocean iron fertilization can lead to a significant export of carbon from the sea surface to the ocean interior. From...

In their majority, public international lawyers postulate that for a new rule of customary law to originate, two conditions must be fulfilled: there must be consistent practice, and it must be shown that this practice is motivated by the belief that such behaviour is required in law. Maurice...