, broadening existing economic sanctions and tightening their enforcement. However, an unintended consequence of the nuclear crisis … interest in cooperating with international efforts to pressure North Korea, let alone in supporting sanctions. North Korea … appears to have rearranged its external economic relations to reduce any impact that traditional sanctions could have. Given …

Economic sanctions are a frequent instrument of foreign policy. In a diplomatic conflict, they aim to elicit a change … in the policies of foreign governments by damaging their economy. However, sanctions are not costless for the sending …. We first gauge the impact of the sanctions’ regime using a structural gravity framework and quantify the trade losses in …

, targets can bluff in order to deter coercion attempts. I find that while sanctions are a weakly dominant tool of influence … committing to a certain course of action for the entire duration of interaction. Moreover, using rewards and sanctions in …