From 1865 to 1870, a crisis atmosphere hovered around the issue of the massive public debt created during the recently concluded Civil War, leading, in part, to the passage of a Constitutional Amendment ensuring the “validity of the public debt.” However, the Civil War debt crisis was not a...

There is an argument in the literature that open-market sovereign debt repurchases are not beneficial for the debtor country, even if they can alleviate debt overhang. This paper shows that debt buybacks can actually lead to a worsening of the debt overhang problem. This is possible if the real...

Whether public debt is internal or external, the burden is equivalent in the OLG model. This equivalence holds, regardless of whether the definition of burden reflects Modigliani's view or Lerner's perspective. It results from the assumption of perfect substitutability between public debt and...

Unresolved sovereign debt problems are hurting debtor nations, their citizens and their creditors, and also can pose serious systemic threats to the international financial system. The existing contractual restructuring approach is insufficient to make sovereign debt sustainable. Although a more...

The focus of this research is in the area of Financing/Loans acquired by Pakistan over the decades. This study is very important for forecasting the future of Pakistan's financial strength. The data was collected from the State Bank of Pakistan, period from 1949 to 2010. The findings from this...

This paper focuses on the debt build-up that frontier low-income developing countries (LIDCs) have faced since 2012. First, it documents a 20-percentage point increase in the external and government debt-to-GDP ratios, a composition shift toward higher non-concessional debt, and a rise in...

A key feature of the full sovereign default record from 1294-2008 is that serial default is far rarer than the much-ballyhooed 1980s experience suggests. The only mass default in Europe’s long record, dating back to 1294, occurs during the Napoleonic Wars (1800-1815). The majority of the...

We continue to struggle with the legacy of the 2008 financial crisis, which was fundamentally caused by the incurrence of too much leverage on the part of all economic participants, including individuals, private firms and financial institutions, and governments. Despite continued high...

Leading authorities in the United States, including the Congressional Budget Office, use the term unsustainable to describe the long-term fiscal outlook. By the year 2080, spending on entitlements alone could exceed total federal tax revenues. In the very long run (meaning from the year 2035...