This paper examines how external foreign trade reacts to the European Central Bank’s (ECB) Official Discount Rate, considering exports to the US and Japan in EU27 and in four European countries. Although many previous studies have measured the cointegration and causality among exchange rate,...

The Brussels Effect, once emblematic of the EU's alleged influence in shaping global regulations, has now become a factor contributing to global regulatory fragmentation. The EU must recalibrate its trajectory towards a liberal and rules-based trading order, prioritizing widespread regulatory...