This paper studies the spread of the Black Death as a proxy for the flow of medieval trade between 1346 and 1351. The Black Death struck most areas of Europe and the wider Mediterranean. Based on a modified version of the gravity model, we estimate the speed (in kilometers per day) of...

This chapter in a compendium on the World Trade Organization (WTO) examines the role of human values in the quest for coherence in the global governance of work and trade. I use the term "global governance" to refer to the system of international institutions, rules and processes that guide the...

This paper will reflect on the burgeoning ‘trade and climate change’ scholarship in the context of previous linkage debates – particularly the trade and environment/human rights/development literature. It will focus on the extent to which unilateral measures adopted by States to fight...

This is an empirical paper seeking to identify the mode of Turkey's integration into global markets in general, and pan-European markets in particular, as revealed in its trade performance. The analysis provides empirical support to the following observations. First, thanks to steady expansion...

Deteriorating global market environment in November 2015 has determined further decline of major Russian foreign trade indicators. Growth of the Russian export volume failed to off set the fall of the global commodity prices. Various trade barriers introduced by foreign countries hamper Russia's...

In 2015, the RF foreign economic activity was subject to a set of negative factors: significant reduction of prices on all tradable commodities, contraction of external demand due to slowdown of the world economy, compression of domestic demand due to a fall of income and investment....

In Q1 2015, Russian trade turnover was developing in the wake of the unfavourable global markets environment for natural resources, decline of economic growth rates, reduction of people's income and restrictive measures introduced by the Russian Federation regarding import of certain products....

In February 2015, Russian foreign trade continued posting the fall of main indices. Eurocommission considers that Russia remains among the leading countries which preserve different barriers that to a considerable extent hamper global trade

Early in 2015, a drop in the main indices of the Russian foreign trade amounted to the 2009 crisis level. The existing non-tariff barriers between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus highly complicate trade