effect that language learning opportunities abroad have on German exports. We employ a gravity model of trade with a single … this effect is confined to institutes offering language training services, which suggests that language requirements and …

I investigate the effect of changing language skills on trade using an unique panel data set on spoken language. It … countries have witnessed an advancing trade integration and large changes in foreign language knowledge. I estimate a …), I find a significant causal impact of aggregate common spoken language on trade, but not for any specific language. …

by establishing trade policies that promoted trade within empires. In particular, the use of a common language, the …"Although many modern studies find large and significant effects of prior colonial status on bilateral trade, there is … very little empirical research that has focused on the contemporaneous impact of empire on trade. We employ a new database …