The study presents archival evidence to show how President Kaunda raised political and economic exclusivity in Zambia … in the early years of Zambia's independence, and how this retarded capital investment. Despite formal reforms and a new … government, this institutional mechanism still dominates and constrains Zambia's political economy today. …

-- Extractivist-oligarchic type: Angola and Kazakhstan -- Donor-dependent orthodoxy type: Zambia, Laos, and Mongolia -- Homegrown …