trade contributed to Europe's pacification between 1640 and 1896. While the decline in conflict in Europe during this period … Europe and the New World, which we use as a proxy for Atlantic trade. To identify the causal effects of Atlantic trade, we … army and navy sizes in Europe. Second, we show that the possibility of forgone Atlantic trade acted as a deterrent to …

infrastructure and the regions. Most of the topics deal with the long-term integration process in Europe, with a particular focus on …