This paper reviews the economic, monetary and financial relations between the EU and the euro area and a set of …, some common features can also be identified. One of these common features is the fact that the euro area is their largest … assistance; meanwhile, from a euro area perspective, while these countries account for a somewhat smaller share of external trade …

The consensus back in 2008 – ten years after the introduction of the euro – was that the adoption of a common currency … had made a limited impact of around 2% in total on the trade flows of the first wave of euro area countries (Baldwin et al …., 2008). Since then, six more countries have joined the euro area, and firms have internationalised their production …