affect export upgrading and, if so, whether their effects are complementary or substitutable. Export upgrading entails export … diversification (including overall export diversification, as well as diversification at the intensive and at the extensive margins …) and export quality improvement. The empirical analysis shows that total AfT flows have a strong positive impact on export …

role of export concentration. Four important results are obtained from the empirical analysis. First, there is no empirical … evidence that exports to China enhance growth unconditionally. Second, the results suggest that export concentration enhances … the growth effects of exporting to China, implying that countries which export one major commodity to China benefit more …