Some studies are skeptical whether further investment is productive and trade liberalization is promising for SSA economic growth. However, the skepticisms are mostly reliant on single equation estimations of contemporaneous effects that may not account for simultaneity and dynamic interactions....

Seit der politschen Wende steht Südafrika vor der Aufgabe eines grundlegenden gesellschaftlichen und wirtschaftlichen Neubeginns. Die Apartheidsideologie und die wirtschaftliche Isolation während der Sanktionsjahre haben tiefe Spuren in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft hinterlassen. Parallel zum...

The collapse of the Soviet Union revealed big productivity, structural and technological gaps between between its economy and Western markets. The latter made it difficult to reorient its members trade flows towards new Western and Asian markets. An alternative solution was to rebuild up...