minerals. However, the India-Africa relations in food and agriculture are already important but have potentials for expansion …, especially as food systems and food value chains are modernizing and technologies in agriculture and food sectors are spreading …. This paper looks at historical ties between India and Africa. It identifies trade and investment patterns in recent decades …

We analyze the relationship between food security and trade, focusing on food importers' exposure to sudden market …), which gauges the degree to which a country depends on another for food imports. Food trade maps are drawn by the application … failures from relying on a narrow range of international suppliers. We compute a bilateral import penetration index (BIPI …