trade restrictions in recent years. This paper examines the trade patterns of North Korea with its 19 major trading partners … over the period 1989-2016. Moreover, the paper quantifies the trade barriers between North Korea and the rest of the world … by estimating border effects in a gravity model framework. The findings indicate that North Korea's trade with developed …

The impact of globalization in terms of bilateral trade is a renowned theoretical underpinning in the literature …. Nevertheless, testing a trade integration model of bilateral trade is not sufficiently well estimated with the Bayesian approach to … provide pragmatic evidence of trade integration from the digitalization in Asia. Moreover, in identifying the factors …

Over the last 20 years the trade literature repeatedly documented the trade-reducing effects of inter- and intra … underlying political borders. However, when observed border effects are not caused by political trade barriers, why should their … "border effect" in the absence of a border. Thereby, the finding that trade between East- and West-Japan is 23.1% - 51 …

This paper identifies a "border" effect in the absence of a border. The finding that trade between East- and West …-Japan is 23.1 to 51.3 percent lower than trade within both country parts, is established despite the absence of an obvious east …-lasting historical shocks, are identified as an explanation for the east-west bias in intra-Japanese trade. …

Geoeconomic concepts are gaining importance in EU trade policy. In this context new trade policy instruments are … designed to protect the internal market against unfair trade practices, coercive actions as well as to ensure sustainable … (CBAM), Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence (CSDD), Level Playing Field Provisions in the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation …

This paper aims to determine the role of EU in Turkey's trade flows by using the gravity model. It also aims to test … whether the Customs Union (of EU) that Turkey entered in 1996 made a deviation in Turkey's trade flows. Regional trade … agreements on the one hand create new trade opportunities (trade creation effect). On the other hand, these agreements may also …

had made a limited impact of around 2% in total on the trade flows of the first wave of euro area countries (Baldwin et al … revisits the trade effects of the euro, focusing on the newer euro adopters (i.e. those countries that have adopted the euro … is twofold. First, it revisits the estimated aggregate impact of the euro on euro area trade, as well as on trade within …

The proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a free trade agreement among 12 Pacific Rim countries whose joint gross … domestic products (GDPs) account for 36 percent of world GDP and whose mutual trade accounts for approximately 24 percent of … world trade. As for most proposed free trade agreements (FTAs), trade economists have provided ex ante computable general …

computable general equilibrium trade model calibrated with the latest version of the GTAP database to simulate the effect of … doubling non-tariff barriers - both unilateral and reciprocal - between the two blocks on trade and welfare. Imposing trade … to cooperate rather than turning away from each other. By imposing a trade war on Russia, the political West could …

computable general equilibrium trade model calibrated with the latest version of the GTAP database to simulate the effect of … doubling non-tariff barriers - both unilateral and reciprocal - between the two blocks on trade and welfare. Imposing trade … to cooperate rather than turning away from each other. By imposing a trade war on Russia, the political West could …