Since early 2006, Russia has been attempting to change the rules on the international energy market to suit its own …, as its dependence on imports of raw materials is increasing. Russia believes to be able to choose between serving the … its strategic energy partnership with Russia, but also to diversify the existing import structures. …

Economic sanctions are a frequent instrument of foreign policy. In a diplomatic conflict, they aim to elicit a change … in the policies of foreign governments by damaging their economy. However, sanctions are not costless for the sending …. We first gauge the impact of the sanctions’ regime using a structural gravity framework and quantify the trade losses in …

Union as a countermeasure to sanctions introduced by the EU and several other countries after Russia's actions in Ukraine … and the annexation of Crimea. This paper assesses the effect of Russia's counter-sanctions on the economies of the Baltic … problems in international trade data due to re-exports. The amount of trade affected by Russia's counter-sanctions varies …

interest in avoiding a premature termination of economic cooperation with Russia (or with other difficult partners like China). …