The past two decades have seen a rapid rise in large-scale, state-led transnational investment from countries as different as China, Norway and Russia. By bundling economic resources, these countries have entered global markets through massive state-led investments. This transformation of states...

Using a panel data set covering the period 1970-2004 and 96 countries, we provide empirical evidence that the composition of foreign capital, measured by the ratio FDI over total liabilities, has a positive effect on growth, directly and through convergence. Developing countries benefit...