We document large cross-sectional variation in the speed of information diffusion between U.S. suppliers and their international principal customers. Based on the rigorous and comprehensive framework of risks in emerging markets from Karolyi (2015), we find that market operating efficiency is...

In 2009, when the effects of the economic crisis were fully felt, countries around the world experienced negative impacts, starting from the USA, where the crisis began, through Europe to Asia. Economic cycles, fluctuations, and crises are a common part of the financial market, for example, the...