Firm heterogeneity has been extensively linked to patterns in market engagement, particularly where foreign markets are concerned. Recent studies have extended the effects of firm heterogeneity to political markets, identifying its influence on policy stances and engagement in the policy...

For small open economies, it is essential that many firms find their way to the export market and most governments provide some form of export promotion assistance. We use detailed firm-level data for Flanders, the largest region in Belgium, to evaluate whether its program raises firms'...

Nontraditional export development has been a rallying cry in emerging countries. This recounting of the stages that a new export firm passes through derives from observations in the field. It treats the exporter as an entrepreneur and uses the experience of start-ups to help the entrepreneur...

Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. The Digital Economy and International Business, an Historical Perspective -- Chapter 3. Internationalization, Digitalization, and Exponential Growth -- Chapter 4. Platforms and International Business -- Chapter 5. Artificial Intelligence and International...

In this paper, we provide evidence that expanding firms tend to serve new markets which are geographically close and culturally related to their prior export destinations. We quantify the impact of this spatial pattern using a Chinese firm-level data set. To ensure an exogenous set of potential...

This paper contributes to two strands of literature on empirical models of trade flows and trade policy. The first and the older strand is that of gravity models of bilateral trade flows going back to Hans Linneman (1966) and Tinbergen (1962) and its recent applications, particularly by Adams et...

We describe a simple model in which domestic firms decide whether to serve a foreign market through exports or horizontal foreign direct investment (FDI). This choice involves a trade-off between the higher variable trade costs associated with exports and the higher fixed set-up costs associated...

In this paper, we provide evidence that expanding firms tend to serve new markets which are geographically close and culturally related to their prior export destinations. We quantify the impact of this spatial pattern using a Chinese firm-level data set. To ensure an exogenous set of potential...

Purpose - This paper examines the fashion retailers and the factors that influence the patterns and sequence of their internationalization process. Design/methodology/approach - Our analysis covers eight fashion retailers including Mango, Inditex, Gap, Esprit, Benetton, Levi Strauss, Camp;A and...