This paper was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2015 on competition issues in … liner shipping. It discusses the main developments and competition issues in the sector, namely, regulation in different …, the implications of developments in liner shipping for ports, excess capacity and potential implications for competition …

individual routes. Presently, however, the respective European regulation granting liners an exemption from competition laws is … contrast, we demonstrate that there is little evidence for a destabilizing effect of competition, while conferences can …

compete. This paper aims to help understand how pressures for competition and cooperation conflict, what problems this causes … firms can simultaneously balance pressures for competition and imperatives for cross-firm integration and cooperation …