boutique fuels and power, and allowing energy firms to restrict output and raise prices without fear of competition … standards. These standards take identical commodities — barrels of oil or kilowatt-hours of electricity — and differentiate them …. And it offers recommendations for how competition and energy regulators can work together to ensure that energy standards …

There is a well-recognised link among trade, trade liberalisation, an effective competition regime and development. A …-facilitating measures. The trade liberalisation regime of the WTO is a prime example of this. An effective competition regime can also help … a country's development. However, the implementation of a competition regime is costly, and there are significant …

protectionist sentiments. In other words, robust competition enhances domestic prosperity and international competitiveness, which …It may seem obvious that good trade policy can promote competition. That is, by opening up a domestic economy to … the other hand, although it may appear less obvious, good competition policy can be a means for fostering good trade …

real EER is the most commonly used indicator of the international price and cost competitiveness of an economy …. Additionally, for all individual euro area countries, harmonised competitiveness indicators (HCIs) are published by the European …. Importantly, the ECB's wellestablished methodology - which in particular accounts for competition faced by euro area exporters in …

This study analyzes the effects of additional interconnection on welfare and competition in the Irish electricity … market. I simulate the wholesale electricity markets of Great Britain and the island of Ireland for 2005. I find that in … competition in Ireland, the less competitive of the two markets. Finally, it is unlikely that private investors will pay for the …

resulting Export Competitiveness Database (ECD) reveals that emerging and developing regions, particularly the Asia and Pacific … competitiveness correlate to nominal and real effective exchange rates, factors that are commonly perceived as important determinants … of a country's export competitiveness …

picture of imperfect competition with constant elasticity of demand at the firm level. The total production of rural goods is …

, and this diminishes their returns and thus lessened Turkey’s global strategic competitiveness. This study examines Turkey …’s competition power against the BRIC countries seen as strong competitors to Turkey based on exchange rates and purchasing power … volumes and Turkey’s RER has appreciated especially after 2010 and it lessened the competitiveness of Turkish companies …

competition arguably outweighs the Ricardian gains in the long-run. Nonetheless, in a principles course, productivity is typically …

EMEs around the turn of the millennium, which signals increased competition and market contestability. …