From the standpoint of policies, the different branches of economics may be aggregated into two categories: dirigiste and laissez fairist. Dirigiste theories in economics have been based primarily on the complexity of commodities: this allows commodities to be ranked according to the...

This study first assesses recent misalignments of the real effective exchange rate (REER) of the euro area and of the Harmonized Competitiveness Indicators (HCIs) of its main economies, based on a quarterly Behavioural Equilibrium Exchange Rate (BEER) model. Next, it draws a comparison with...

Constant Market Share Analysis (CMSA) is a method which decomposes the variation of market shares of any trader country. The more recent version is proposed by Fagerberg and Sollie (1985) that avoids some limits deriving from previously specifications. After explicating how CMSA works, this note...

As the process of globalisation of the world economy progresses, the degree of international competition among enterprises increases as well. Yet not all industries or branches are affected to the same extent by this development. One of the most important factors which determine the degree of...

Die Vorstellung, die Wirtschaftspolitik könne auf die Globalisierung durch eine internationale Kooperation und Harmonisierung etwa der Sozialnormen antworten, ist ökonomisch nicht wohl begründet. Es ist eine Illusion, die Bedingungen für den Produktionsfaktor Arbeit weltweit harmonisieren zu...

The geographic structure of the Magharib countries necessitates its political and economic partnership. However, there were many hindrances that curtailed further mutual benefits in the past decades. That minimized its economic cooperation in many ways. The emergence of the WTO adds to questions...

This article revolves around the interaction between trade policy and competition policy, with a particular emphasis on the relationship between anti-dumping and predatory pricing rules. Accordingly, this article discusses the differences and similarities between the two policies, based on the...

Rice is an important source for foreign exchange earnings for Pakistan's economy, keeping this fact in mind, this study is to calculate competitiveness of rice export of Pakistan in the international market compared to largest exporter countries and this article is the first empirical attempt...

This paper documents the recent innovations to the Bank of Italy methodology underlying the estimation of price-competitiveness misalignments , first put forward in Giordano (2018); it also provides the most recent misalignment estimates for the euro area and for its four main economies, based...