The Target liabilities of the GIPS countries (Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain) amounted to314 billion euros in March 2011. They measure the additional central bank money that their corresponding National Central Banks (NCBs) have loaned in excess of the money needed to cover their domestic...

Target-Kredite im Eurosystem - Die Stellungnahmen der Bundesbank - Was sind Target-Salden? - Kreditverlagerung - Zur ökonomischen Interpretation der Kreditverlagerung - Target-Kredite, Leistungsbilanz und Kapitalverkehr - Fünf vor zwölf - Target-Salden in den USA - Anhang: Antwort auf die...

As shown in Sinn and Wollmershäuser (2012a), during the European balance-of-payments crisis, inter-governmental credit and Target credit granted by core-country central banks have replaced private international capital flows in financing the crisis countries' current account deficits, and even...