a special emphasis on the first year of the euro. A contribution is made as to how to measure these roles, both for … identification of changes in the role of the euro during 1999 compared to the aggregate of euro predecessor currencies, net of intra … -euro area assets/liabilities, before stage 3 of EMU. A number of key factors determining the currency distribution of …

-known ranking for the leading currencies – in particular the US dollar and the euro – but give considerably greater weight to …

economies (EMEs) on configurations between the US dollar, the euro and the yen. Given the difficulty that fixed or managed US … have a statistically but also an economically significant impact on the euro, and to a lesser extent the yen against the US … the appreciation of the euro against the US dollar in recent years. Interestingly, EME policy-makers appear to have become …