programs do not attract capital inflows. Existing studies fail to address the effects of selection into IMF programs, which … of this capital flight is the medicine (the Fund program), not the disease (the economic downturn necessitating the IMF …

, during which policymakers tend to build reserve buffers, constrain capital mobility, and limit exchange rate flexibility. In … later stages, alongside flexible exchange rates, open capital accounts and smaller reserve buffers, crisis incidence is … system, including building a strong global financial safety net and developing a framework for coping with capital flows …

The antecedent studies have designed new funding with the intellectual capital money (IKM) upon trading the … intellectual capital (IK) to ensure unimpeded access to it and spur its generation and exploitation. This piece examines the static … exchange rate fluctuation. In contrast, the dynamic study clarifies that the IKM funding is the negative capital residue R …