mechanisms for medium inventions, and patent their most important innovations. This result reestablishes the traditional view …. -- heterogeneous inventions ; innovation size ; intellectual property rights ; patents ; patent filing fees ; patentability standards …

We investigate how patent classification influences the interpretation of patent statistics. Innovation researchers … currently make use of various patent classification schemas, which are hard to replicate. Using machine learning techniques, we … construct a transparent, replicable and adaptable patent taxonomy, and a new automated methodology for classifying patents. We …

, alternative patent: the inclusive patent. The inclusive patent is perceived as a one-sided right geared to include rather than to …. The inclusive patent is further conceived as a registration patent obtainable at low cost. The inclusive patent regime may … be developed as a semi-codified regime where the inclusive patent entitlement is provided by law and the open source …

development through competition. We provide a novel detailed empirical study of the extent and timing of designing around patent … Edison’s incandescent lamp patent in 1891-1894 stimulated a surge of patenting. We studied the specific design features of …-infringing designs by filing date. Most of these non-infringing designs circumvented Edison’s patent claims by creating substitute …

primary substance of vital functions'. Thus I hold, that the 'water' for the Patent Law is the legal definition of the term … ‘invention' as the primary substance for “vital functions” of the Patent Law. The definitions are important enough in traditional … reality that unfortunately in majority Patent Laws (Acts) worldwide as well as in international agreements are lacking the …

Patent studies inform our understanding of innovation. Any study of patenting involves classifying patent data …, making them diffcult to replicate. Because of this, we develop a new patent taxonomy using machine learning techniques, and … propose a new methodology to automate patent classification. We contrast existing taxonomies with our own upon a widely used …

creation of lesser estates or restrictive covenants for real property. In sum, early American courts incorporated into patent … concepts of "assignments" and "licenses." Given widespread confusion today concerning patent conveyance doctrines, this chapter … economic parlance), but patent theorists today can draw at least two important lessons from it. First, it reveals how …

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, all countries having patent systems required patentable inventions to be … nonobvious. The nonobviousness requirement is considered to be so central to patent policy that it has frequently been called the …

, conventional one-to-one licensing and compulsory licensing, as well as patent pools and clearing-house mechanisms. The last two …

We analyze optimal patent design when innovators can rely on secrecy to protect their innovations. Secrecy provides a … the optimal policy is to induce the first innovator to patent. Furthermore, we derive the optimal scope of the rights … conferred to late innovators. We show that if the patent life can be suitably set, broad patent protection is optimal: late …