We study the impact of the access charges of copper and fiber unbundling on an incumbent's incentives to invest in … copper and fiber markets. We show that when the regulator can freely set either the copper or the fiber access charge, there … is a positive correlation between the fixed fiber (respectively, copper) access charge and the copper (respectively …

credits and can capture the rents from the price spread between EU allowances and CERs. This could repeat the lengthy debate …

Commodity price volatility is bad for macroeconomic performance. Virtually all empirical studies that document this … extraction to determine why commodity price volatility affects investment decisions, production levels, profitability, and … effects. Simulation exercises reveal that commodity price volatility shocks significantly reduce resource firms' equity prices …