arbitration proceedings against the issuing State. Arbitral case-law so far seemed to be consistent in concluding that the holders …

In investment arbitration, procedural rules that incorporate broad transparency provisions subject both sides of an … seek a remedy against respondent-states. In this day and age, procedural transparency in investment arbitration cannot be …-America, demanding public accountability in investment arbitration. The article deduces three pillars that support investors' needs in …

This article considers a range of procedural defences argued by state parties in investment treaty arbitration … from an investment treaty that bind the same Contracting Parties. It shall illustrate how investment treaty arbitration … investment arbitration has been avoided by states using defences based upon this fact …

from the traditional investor-state dispute settlement mechanisms relying on treaty-based arbitration, understandably …