Major index fund operators have been criticized as ineffective stewards of the firms in which they are now the largest shareholders. While scholars debate whether this passivity is a serious problem, index funds' generally docile approach to ownership is broadly acknowledged. However, this...

Wer kennt BlackRock & Co. und ihre Eigentümer? Obwohl ihre Lobbyisten bei der Weltbank, der US- und der Europäischen Zentralbank und bei der Europäischen Kommission in Brüssel und bei den Regierungen in Washington, London, Paris, in den Staatskanzleien von Berlin, Düsseldorf und München...

Author examines the situation while the parent company controls the subsidiary and the subsidiary possess the sharing at the parent company equity. A formula for effective holding is derived and proofed for a parent-subsidiary simplified structure. A short overview of the audit consequences is...