We use monthly and daily transaction data from Iran, disaggregated by provinces, good and service categories, and retail store segments to gauge the impact of government emergency loans on consumption patterns. We find that emergency loans are positively related with higher consumption of...

We use country-wide data on all electronic payments in point-of-sale (POS) and online terminals of Iran to study the change in the pattern of consumption and online-offline substitution during the COVID-19 lockdown and after the relaxation of restrictions in May and June. Using a...

Using representative survey data including Iranians and Afghan refugees in Iran in 2011-2019, this paper explores the unequal impact of macroeconomic fluctuations due to Iran's nuclear dispute on Afghan refugees and host communities. The paper finds that economic shock increases refugee's exit...