In the course of the second millennium, the Middle East's commerce with Western Europe fell increasingly under European … further organizational transformations in Europe, persistently small enterprises inhibited economic modernization in the …

In the course of the second millennium, the Middle East's commerce with Western Europe fell increasingly under European … further organizational transformations in Europe, persistently small enterprises inhibited economic modernization in the …

This study explores the interaction between trade and geography in shaping the Islamic economic doctrine. We build a … model where an unequal distribution of land quality in presence of trade opportunities conferred differential gains from … trade across regions, fostering predatory behavior by groups residing in the poorly endowed territories. We show that in …

This study explores the interaction between trade and geography in shaping the Islamic economic doctrine and in turn … presence of trade opportunities conferred differential gains from trade across regions, fostering predatory behavior from the … redistribution featuring direct income transfers in return for safe passage to conduct trade. A commitment problem, however, rendered …