During the 2000s Arab and Islamic American racial identity selection was subjected to an exogenous racializing event … affiliation and Arab ethnicity. This stigmatization created an exogenous reduction in the expected payoff to acculturation … that Arab and Islamic Americans will self-identify as white. The data are combined cross sections of the Current Population …

This article aims to establish how Muslim identities in Germany have been constructed by others and how they differ … from realities. Muslim communities have often been viewed with suspicion by majority ethnic groups in European nation … universal rights and gender equality and give political space to ethnic minorities. Mainstream portrayals of Muslim identities …